ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND@#Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a known complication of hip arthroscopy. We investigated incidence of HO after hip arthroscopy and determined whether revision for HO improved outcome.@*METHODS@#A retrospective study was conducted on 242 patients (140 men and 102 women, mean age: 36.2 ± 9.5 years) who underwent hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) between January 2016 and January 2018. The average follow-up period was 22.88 ± 11.74 months (range: 11-34 months). Thirteen (5.37%) cases of HO (six men and seven women, five left hips and eight right hips; mean age: 37.5 ± 4.7 years) were observed. Among them, four cases with HO with obvious pain symptoms and persistent non-remission underwent revision surgery to remove HO. Monthly follow-up was conducted. Visual analog scale (VAS), modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), and non-Arthritis Hip Score (NAHS) were evaluated and compared between HO and non-HO patients. Independent sample t test, Mann-Whitney U test and the Chi-square test were used for inter-group comparisons. HO degree was evaluated using Brooker classification. Symptoms and function were evaluated before and after revision.@*RESULTS@#A total of 242 patients were involved in this study. Thirteen cases (5.4%) had imaging evidence of HO. Nine (9/13) were classified as Brooker stage I, three (3/13) Brooker stage II, and one (1/13) Brooker stage III. HO was detected by ultrasonography as early as 3 weeks after operation. After primary surgery, the mHHS of the HO group and non-HO group increased by 13.00 (8.50, 25.50) and 24.00 (14.00, 34.50) points (Z = -1.80, P = 0.08), NAHS increased by 18.00 (9.50, 31.50) and 26.00 (13.50, 36.00) points (Z = -1.34, P = 0.18), and VAS decreased by 3.00 (2.00, 4.00) and 4.00 (3.00, 4.50) points (Z = -1.55, P = 0.12). Average follow-up time after revision was 9.00 ± 2.94 months; mHHS increased by 34.75 points (t = -55.23, P < 0.01) and NAHS by 28.75 points (t = -6.03, P < 0.01), and VAS decreased by 4 points (t = 9.80, P < 0.01). HO and non-HO patients were similar for demographic and surgical data, and clinical and functional scores.@*CONCLUSION@#HO incidence after arthroscopic treatment of FAI is similar to that found in previous studies. Most HO have no effect on clinical symptoms. Patients who undergo revision HO resection show improvement in pain and joint function.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Arthroscopy , Femoracetabular Impingement , General Surgery , Hip Joint , Pathology , General Surgery , Ossification, Heterotopic , Diagnosis , Retrospective Studies , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To provide new concepts of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction by anatomical gross observation of ACL tibial insertion and finite element analysis of distribution of ACL mechanical insertion.@*METHODS@#In the anatomical study, ten fresh adult cadaveric knees were dissected, including 6 males and 4 females, all knees were generally observed through standard medial parapatellar approaches, paying attention to the close anatomical relationship of tibial insertion and anterior horn of lateral meniscus, and ACL was exposed and gradually removed from the inside. The shape of tibial insertion of ACL was observed and recorded, and anterior-posterior diameters and left-right diameters of tibial insertion were measured with vernier caliper. For the study of finite element analysis, three-dimensional thin-layer magnetic resonance imaging of normal knee joint was used to establish knee joint model. Three-dimensional reconstruction software MIMICS and finite element analysis software ANSYS were used to establish knee joint model, subsequently, clinical physical examination Lachman test and pivot-shift test were simulated to observe the force distribution of ACL tibial insertion and femoral insertion.@*RESULTS@#The ACL tibial mechanical insertion was rather flat and long similar as an arc shape without a clear separation between anterior medial bundle (AMB) and posterolateral bundle (PLB) in gross observation. The dense fibers lies belonged to the medial intercondylar ridge and ended up anterior with the osseous landmark of anterior ridge. Its average anterior-posterior diameter was (13.8±2.0) mm, the average left-right diameter of midsubstance was (5.3±0.6) mm, and the average left-right diameter of anterior margin was (11.5±1.2) mm. The finite element analysis showed that distribution on the femoral side was oval shape mainly below the residents' ridge, while the tibial side was rather flat mainly along the medial intercondylar ridge, which was consistent with the anatomical observation. The biomechanical characteristics of ACL attachments were verified theoretically.@*CONCLUSION@#Anatomical study and finite element analysis have confirmed the flat arc shape of ACL tibial insertion. The ideal reconstruction technique of ACL should be based on its biomechanical insertion. Based on anatomical study and biomechanical analysis, we have proposed the idea of ACL biomechanical insertion reconstruction (BIR) and established a surgical model with oval femoral tunnel and rounded-rectangle tibial tunnel.